SS-31
About
About SS-31
A mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide, SS-31 (elamipretide) selectively concentrates in the inner mitochondrial membrane where it stabilizes cardiolipin and optimizes electron transport chain function. This mechanism reduces reactive oxygen species production and improves ATP synthesis in cells under metabolic stress. The compound has been investigated primarily for mitochondrial myopathies, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, and other conditions characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction.
Science
Mechanism of Action
SS-31 selectively concentrates in the inner mitochondrial membrane through electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. It binds cardiolipin — the signature phospholipid of the inner membrane — protecting it from oxidative peroxidation. Cardiolipin stabilization preserves the structural integrity of electron transport chain complexes I, III, and IV, maintaining efficient electron transfer and reducing proton leak. The result is improved ATP production efficiency, reduced mitochondrial ROS, and preservation of mitochondrial membrane potential under oxidative stress.
Dosing
Typical Protocol
0.25–1 mg subcutaneously daily or every other day. Experimental in longevity use — most protocols are physician-designed based on limited data. Some practitioners use 2-week on / 2-week off cycling. Best administered in the morning.
⚠ Protocol information is for educational purposes only. Dosing must be determined by a licensed physician based on individual health status and goals.
Regulatory
Legal Status in 2026
This compound occupies a regulatory grey area in 2026. It is neither explicitly FDA-approved nor clearly illegal for personal use, but it lacks formal clinical approval and may not be legally sold for human use in all contexts. Proceed with caution: source quality is variable, and regulatory status can change. Always consult a physician.
Evidence
Evidence Tier
Evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or large observational studies in humans. This is the gold standard — effects have been measured in controlled conditions and results are peer-reviewed and reproducible.
Verified Providers Offering SS-31
Providers indexed by Vial with this compound in their formulary